metrics-monitoring

Metrics & Monitoring

Intro

Metrics turn a running system into numbers you can alert and chart on. Use the four golden signals (latency, traffic, errors, saturation), RED for request paths, USE for resources, and Prometheus histograms for latency. Drive alerting from SLO burn rate, not raw thresholds.

Overview

Four golden signals (Google SRE)

These four cover the health of any request-serving system:

1. Latency — time to serve a request. Track success and failure separately; a fast 500 is not a healthy request.
2. Traffic — demand on the system: HTTP req/sec, messages consumed/sec, active connections.
3. Errors — explicit (HTTP 5xx), implicit (200 with wrong content), and policy violations (responses above SLA threshold).
4. Saturation — how full the system is: CPU, memory pressure, queue depth, thread pool. Useful saturation metrics predict exhaustion before it happens.

RED method (request-driven services)

For APIs, web services, and microservices, track at every boundary:

• Rate — requests per second
• Errors — failed requests per second (or error percentage)
• Duration — latency distribution (p50, p95, p99 — never just the average)

USE method (resources)

For CPU, memory, disk, network, and queues, track at every resource:

• Utilization — % of time the resource is busy or % capacity used
• Saturation — work queued or waiting (queue depth, swap usage)
• Errors — error events (disk errors, NIC drops, OOM kills)

Prometheus metric types

Type	Use For	Example
Counter	Monotonically increasing values	http_requests_total
Gauge	Values that go up and down	temperature_celsius
Histogram	Distribution of values in buckets	http_request_duration_seconds
Summary	Pre-calculated quantiles on the client	rpc_duration_seconds

Use counters for anything you'll rate() over: requests, errors, bytes. Use gauges for current state. Prefer histograms over summaries in almost all cases — histograms aggregate across instances, summaries do not. Suffix counters with _total and use unit suffixes (_seconds, _bytes). See references/metric-types.md for code examples and label cardinality guidance.

Dashboard design

Start every service dashboard with the golden signals. Use p50/p95/p99 for latency, never just averages — p99 is often 10x worse than p50. Layer dashboards: overview (all services) -> service detail -> instance detail. Include deployment markers as vertical annotations. For each downstream dependency, show a RED row so failures attribute correctly.

Gotchas

Agent-specific failure modes — provider-neutral pause-and-self-check items:

• Reporting only average latency. An average latency of 100ms is compatible with 99% of requests at 50ms and 1% at 5100ms — users in the long tail are having a terrible experience that the average hides. Always report p50, p95, and p99. Use histograms (not summaries) so quantiles can be computed at query time and aggregated across instances.
• High-cardinality label values breaking the metrics store. Using user IDs, email addresses, or full URL paths as label values creates a unique time series for every distinct value — potentially millions of series. Most metrics stores have practical limits around 10,000–100,000 active series before memory and query performance degrade significantly. Keep labels to bounded categorical values: status_code_class="2xx", not status_code="200".
• Alerting on causes (CPU, memory) rather than symptoms (error rate, latency). CPU at 80% may be totally fine for a batch job and alarming for a latency-sensitive API. An alert on a resource metric requires the on-call engineer to determine whether it is causing user impact — an unnecessary cognitive step. Alert directly on user-visible symptoms; show cause metrics on dashboards for diagnosis.
• Using summaries instead of histograms for latency. Summary quantiles are computed on the client at collection time and cannot be aggregated across instances — sum(rate(summary_quantile[5m])) produces meaningless results when you have multiple replicas. Histograms aggregate correctly: histogram_quantile(0.99, sum by (le) (rate(histogram_bucket[5m]))). Prefer histograms for all latency metrics.
• Monotonically increasing counters displayed as raw values. Displaying a counter like http_requests_total as an absolute number shows a meaningless cumulative value that grows without bound. Always apply rate() or irate() to counters to show the per-second rate of change, which is the operationally meaningful signal.
• Not setting meaningful SLOs before instrumenting. Instrumentation without defined SLOs means there is no target to alert against — alerts are based on arbitrary thresholds that may or may not correspond to user impact. Define SLIs (what to measure) and SLO targets (what is acceptable) before writing alert rules, so every alert directly tests whether the service is meeting its commitments.
• Instrumenting in-process only without tracking downstream dependency health. An application that is healthy but whose database is degraded will show normal application-level metrics until requests start timing out — by which time the user impact is already significant. Instrument outbound calls to every downstream dependency with their own rate, error, and duration metrics so dependency degradation is visible before it cascades.

Full reference

SLIs, SLOs, and SLAs

• SLI (Service Level Indicator) — a measure of service quality: "proportion of requests served in < 200ms"
• SLO (Service Level Objective) — a target for an SLI: "99.9% of requests served in < 200ms over 30 days"
• SLA (Service Level Agreement) — a contract with consequences for missing the SLO: "99.9% availability or customer credit"

Pick 3-5 SLIs reflecting user experience (availability, latency, correctness). Set targets from user expectations, not system capability. Track error budgets — if SLO is 99.9% you have 0.1% (43 min/month). When the budget is exhausted, freeze feature work and focus on reliability.

Alerting thresholds

1. Alert on symptoms, not causes — "error rate > 1%" rather than "CPU > 80%"
2. Use SLO burn-rate alerting — see the alerting-oncall skill
3. Set thresholds from 2 weeks of baseline measurement, not guesses
4. Use multi-window alerting — fire only when both a short window (5 min) and a long window (1 hr) exceed the threshold
5. Avoid static thresholds on gauges — 85% CPU is fine for batch workloads and critical for latency-sensitive ones

Instrumentation checklist

For any new service, instrument at minimum:

• Request rate, error rate, latency at every API endpoint
• Dependency call rate, error rate, latency for each downstream
• Queue depth and processing lag for any async work
• Connection pool utilization (active/idle/max)
• Application-specific business metrics (orders/sec, signups/day)
• Runtime metrics (GC pauses, thread count, heap usage)

Label cardinality

Keep labels low-cardinality (< 10 values each in practice). Never use user IDs, email addresses, or full request paths as label values. Use bounded categories like status="2xx" rather than per-status-code. A metric with 3 labels of 10 values each = 1,000 series; a 4th label of 100 values = 100,000 series and Prometheus memory pain. See references/metric-types.md for PromQL patterns covering rate, error %, histogram quantiles, saturation, and burn-rate.