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Use for databases, migrations, bindings, or encountering D1_ERROR, statement too long, too many requests queued errors.","VRIL-LABS\u002Fskill-jam","VRIL-LABS","https:\u002F\u002Favatars.githubusercontent.com\u002Fu\u002F272046472?v=4","01M6QR9PNWM28WZYJJASER1RG2","𝗩𝗥𝗜𝗟 𝗟𝗔𝗕𝗦","01M6QR9PT6Q6JDCQ97EQBDX6E4",2,"MIT","https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002FVRIL-LABS\u002Fskill-jam\u002Fblob\u002Fmain\u002Fskills\u002Fai-ml\u002Fclaude-skills-main\u002Fclaude-skills-main\u002Fplugins\u002Fcloudflare-d1\u002Fskills\u002Fcloudflare-d1\u002FSKILL.md",[18,23],{"categoryNo":19,"categoryName":20,"taxonomyType":21,"taxonomyTypeDesc":22},"01JBSEEDCAT000000000000010","后端与接口","SCENARIO","使用场景",{"categoryNo":24,"categoryName":25,"taxonomyType":26,"taxonomyTypeDesc":27},"01JBSEEDCAT000000000000033","数据分析师","PROFESSION","适用职业",[29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48],"cloudflare","d1","cloudflare d1","replica","sessions","for","too long","consistency","replication","exec","indexes","migrations","queries","query optimization","workers","use","global","read","edge","batch","2026-11-10 10:12:30",false,"---\nname: cloudflare-d1\ndescription: Cloudflare D1 serverless SQLite on edge. Use for databases, migrations, bindings, or encountering D1_ERROR, statement too long, too many requests queued errors.\nKeywords: d1, d1 database, cloudflare d1, wrangler d1, d1 migrations, d1 bindings, sqlite workers,\n  edge database, d1 queries, sql cloudflare, prepared statements, batch queries,\n  d1 api, wrangler migrations, D1_ERROR, D1_EXEC_ERROR, statement too long, database bindings,\n  sqlite cloudflare, sql workers api, d1 indexes, query optimization, d1 schema, read replication,\n  read replica, withSession, Sessions API, global replication, database replication, served_by_region,\n  bookmarks, sequential consistency\nlicense: MIT\nmetadata:\n  version: \"3.0.0\"\n  last_verified: \"2025-01-15\"\n  production_tested: true\n  token_savings: \"~58%\"\n  errors_prevented: 8\n  templates_included: 3\n  references_included: 4\n  wrangler_version: \"4.50.0\"\n  workers_types_version: \"4.20251125.0\"\n  drizzle_orm_version: \"0.44.7\"\n---\n\n# Cloudflare D1 Database\n\n**Status**: Production Ready ✅ | **Last Verified**: 2025-01-15\n\n## Table of Contents\n1. [What Is D1?](#what-is-d1)\n2. [Quick Start](#quick-start-5-minutes)\n3. [Critical Rules](#critical-rules)\n4. [D1 API Methods](#d1-api-methods)\n5. [Top 5 Use Cases](#top-5-use-cases)\n6. [Migrations Best Practices](#migrations-best-practices)\n7. [Common Patterns](#common-patterns)\n8. [SQLite Type Affinity](#sqlite-type-affinity)\n9. [Top 5 Errors Prevented](#top-5-errors-prevented)\n\n---\n\n## What Is D1?\n\nCloudflare D1 is **serverless SQLite** on the edge:\n- SQL database without servers\n- Global distribution\n- Zero cold starts\n- Standard SQLite syntax\n- Read replication for global performance\n\n---\n\n## ? New in 2025\n\nD1 received major updates throughout 2025:\n\n### Performance (January 2025)\n- **40-60% latency reduction** globally (P50 query times)\n- Optimized SQLite engine for edge execution\n- Reduced cold start impact for databases \u003C100 MB\n\n### Reliability (September 2025)\n- **Automatic query retries**: Read queries retry up to 2x on transient failures\n- Transparent to application code (logged in `wrangler tail`)\n\n### Scalability (April 2025)\n- **Read Replication (Public Beta)**: Deploy read replicas globally\n- Up to 2x read throughput for read-heavy workloads\n- Sessions API for read-write separation\n\n### Compliance (November 2025)\n- **Data Localization**: Specify EU\u002FUS jurisdiction for GDPR\u002Fdata sovereignty\n- Configure via `--jurisdiction` flag or wrangler.jsonc\n\n### ⚠️ Breaking Change (February 10, 2025)\n- **Free tier hard limits enforced**: 10 DBs, 500 MB each, 50 queries\u002Finvocation\n- Exceeding limits = 429 errors (previously warnings only)\n- **Action**: Review usage with `wrangler d1 list` and upgrade if needed\n\n**Full details**: Load `references\u002F2025-features.md`\n\n---\n\n## Quick Start (5 Minutes)\n\n### 1. Create Database\n\n```bash\nbunx wrangler d1 create my-database\n```\n\nSave the `database_id` from output!\n\n### 2. Configure Binding\n\nAdd to `wrangler.jsonc`:\n\n```jsonc\n{\n  \"name\": \"my-worker\",\n  \"main\": \"src\u002Findex.ts\",\n  \"compatibility_date\": \"2025-10-11\",\n  \"d1_databases\": [\n    {\n      \"binding\": \"DB\",                    \u002F\u002F env.DB\n      \"database_name\": \"my-database\",\n      \"database_id\": \"\u003CUUID>\",\n      \"preview_database_id\": \"local-db\"\n    }\n  ]\n}\n```\n\n### 3. Create Migration\n\n```bash\nbunx wrangler d1 migrations create my-database create_users\n```\n\nEdit `migrations\u002F0001_create_users.sql`:\n\n```sql\nCREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (\n  user_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,\n  email TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE,\n  username TEXT NOT NULL,\n  created_at INTEGER NOT NULL\n);\n\nCREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_users_email ON users(email);\n\nPRAGMA optimize;\n```\n\n### 4. Apply Migration\n\n```bash\n# Local\nbunx wrangler d1 migrations apply my-database --local\n\n# Production\nbunx wrangler d1 migrations apply my-database --remote\n```\n\n### 5. Query from Worker\n\n```typescript\nimport { Hono } from 'hono';\n\ntype Bindings = {\n  DB: D1Database;\n};\n\nconst app = new Hono\u003C{ Bindings: Bindings }>();\n\napp.get('\u002Fusers\u002F:email', async (c) => {\n  const { results } = await c.env.DB.prepare(\n    'SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = ?'\n  )\n    .bind(c.req.param('email'))\n    .all();\n\n  return c.json(results);\n});\n\nexport default app;\n```\n\n**Load `references\u002Fsetup-guide.md` for complete walkthrough.**\n\n---\n\n## Critical Rules\n\n### Always Do ✅\n\n1. **Use prepared statements** with `.bind()` (never string concatenation)\n2. **Create indexes** for WHERE\u002FJOIN\u002FORDER BY columns\n3. **Use migrations** for schema changes (never manual SQL)\n4. **Batch queries** for multiple operations (.batch())\n5. **Run PRAGMA optimize** after schema changes\n6. **Handle errors** explicitly (try\u002Fcatch)\n7. **Use INTEGER for timestamps** (Date.now())\n8. **Test locally** before deploying migrations\n9. **Use read replicas** for global read performance\n10. **Validate input** before SQL queries\n\n### Never Do ❌\n\n1. **Never concatenate** user input into SQL\n2. **Never commit database_id** to public repos\n3. **Never skip migrations** for schema changes\n4. **Never use VARCHAR** (use TEXT instead)\n5. **Never skip indexes** for filtered columns\n6. **Never ignore** SQLite type affinity rules\n7. **Never use SELECT *** without LIMIT\n8. **Never run migrations** without testing locally\n9. **Never exceed** 1MB per row\n10. **Never use DATETIME** (use INTEGER for timestamps)\n\n---\n\n## D1 API Methods\n\n### prepare() - Execute Queries\n\n```typescript\n\u002F\u002F Single result\nconst { results } = await env.DB.prepare(\n  'SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = ?'\n)\n  .bind(email)\n  .all();\n\n\u002F\u002F First result only\nconst user = await env.DB.prepare(\n  'SELECT * FROM users WHERE user_id = ?'\n)\n  .bind(userId)\n  .first();\n\n\u002F\u002F Raw results (faster)\nconst { results } = await env.DB.prepare(\n  'SELECT username FROM users'\n)\n  .raw();  \u002F\u002F Returns arrays instead of objects\n```\n\n### batch() - Multiple Queries\n\n```typescript\nconst results = await env.DB.batch([\n  env.DB.prepare('INSERT INTO users (email, username, created_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?)')\n    .bind('user1@example.com', 'user1', Date.now()),\n  env.DB.prepare('INSERT INTO users (email, username, created_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?)')\n    .bind('user2@example.com', 'user2', Date.now()),\n  env.DB.prepare('SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM users')\n]);\n\nconsole.log('Users count:', results[2].results[0].count);\n```\n\n**All queries execute in single transaction** (all succeed or all fail).\n\n### exec() - Run SQL String\n\n```typescript\n\u002F\u002F For migrations\u002Fsetup only\nawait env.DB.exec(`\n  CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (\n    user_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,\n    email TEXT NOT NULL\n  );\n  CREATE INDEX idx_email ON users(email);\n`);\n```\n\n**NEVER use for queries with user input!**\n\n**Load `references\u002Fquery-patterns.md` for complete API reference.**\n\n---\n\n## Top 5 Use Cases\n\n### Use Case 1: User CRUD\n\n```typescript\n\u002F\u002F Create\napp.post('\u002Fusers', async (c) => {\n  const { email, username } = await c.req.json();\n\n  const { results } = await c.env.DB.prepare(\n    'INSERT INTO users (email, username, created_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?) RETURNING *'\n  )\n    .bind(email, username, Date.now())\n    .all();\n\n  return c.json(results[0]);\n});\n\n\u002F\u002F Read\napp.get('\u002Fusers\u002F:id', async (c) => {\n  const user = await c.env.DB.prepare(\n    'SELECT * FROM users WHERE user_id = ?'\n  )\n    .bind(c.req.param('id'))\n    .first();\n\n  if (!user) {\n    return c.json({ error: 'Not found' }, 404);\n  }\n\n  return c.json(user);\n});\n\n\u002F\u002F Update\napp.patch('\u002Fusers\u002F:id', async (c) => {\n  const { username } = await c.req.json();\n\n  await c.env.DB.prepare(\n    'UPDATE users SET username = ?, updated_at = ? WHERE user_id = ?'\n  )\n    .bind(username, Date.now(), c.req.param('id'))\n    .run();\n\n  return c.json({ success: true });\n});\n\n\u002F\u002F Delete\napp.delete('\u002Fusers\u002F:id', async (c) => {\n  await c.env.DB.prepare(\n    'DELETE FROM users WHERE user_id = ?'\n  )\n    .bind(c.req.param('id'))\n    .run();\n\n  return c.json({ success: true });\n});\n```\n\n### Use Case 2: Batch Operations\n\n```typescript\napp.post('\u002Fusers\u002Fbulk', async (c) => {\n  const users = await c.req.json();  \u002F\u002F Array of users\n\n  const statements = users.map(user =>\n    c.env.DB.prepare(\n      'INSERT INTO users (email, username, created_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?)'\n    ).bind(user.email, user.username, Date.now())\n  );\n\n  const results = await c.env.DB.batch(statements);\n\n  return c.json({ inserted: results.length });\n});\n```\n\n### Use Case 3: Read Replication (Global Reads)\n\n```typescript\n\u002F\u002F Configure read replica (any region)\nconst session = c.env.DB.withSession({\n  preferredRegion: 'auto'  \u002F\u002F or 'weur', 'wnam', 'enam', 'apac'\n});\n\n\u002F\u002F Read from nearest replica\nconst { results } = await session.prepare(\n  'SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = ?'\n)\n  .bind(email)\n  .all();\n\n\u002F\u002F Check which region served request\nconsole.log('Served by:', results[0].served_by_region);\n```\n\n**Load `references\u002Fread-replication.md` for complete guide.**\n\n### Use Case 4: Transactions with Batch\n\n```typescript\n\u002F\u002F Transfer credits between users (atomic)\nconst results = await c.env.DB.batch([\n  c.env.DB.prepare(\n    'UPDATE users SET credits = credits - ? WHERE user_id = ?'\n  ).bind(amount, fromUserId),\n  c.env.DB.prepare(\n    'UPDATE users SET credits = credits + ? WHERE user_id = ?'\n  ).bind(amount, toUserId),\n  c.env.DB.prepare(\n    'INSERT INTO transactions (from_user, to_user, amount, created_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)'\n  ).bind(fromUserId, toUserId, amount, Date.now())\n]);\n\n\u002F\u002F All succeed or all fail (transaction)\n```\n\n### Use Case 5: Pagination\n\n```typescript\napp.get('\u002Fusers', async (c) => {\n  const page = parseInt(c.req.query('page') || '1');\n  const limit = 20;\n  const offset = (page - 1) * limit;\n\n  const { results } = await c.env.DB.prepare(\n    'SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY created_at DESC LIMIT ? OFFSET ?'\n  )\n    .bind(limit, offset)\n    .all();\n\n  return c.json({\n    users: results,\n    page,\n    limit\n  });\n});\n```\n\n---\n\n## Migrations Best Practices\n\n### 1. Always Use Migrations\n\n```bash\nbunx wrangler d1 migrations create my-database add_users_avatar\n```\n\n### 2. Make Migrations Idempotent\n\n```sql\n-- ✅ GOOD: Idempotent\nCREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (...);\nCREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_email ON users(email);\nDROP TABLE IF EXISTS old_table;\n\n-- ❌ BAD: Fails on re-run\nCREATE TABLE users (...);\nCREATE INDEX idx_email ON users(email);\n```\n\n### 3. Test Locally First\n\n```bash\nbunx wrangler d1 migrations apply my-database --local\nbunx wrangler d1 execute my-database --local --command \"SELECT * FROM users\"\n```\n\n### 4. Add PRAGMA optimize\n\n```sql\n-- End of migration\nPRAGMA optimize;\n```\n\n**Load `templates\u002Fschema-example.sql` for complete schema template.**\n\n---\n\n## When to Load References\n\n### Load `references\u002Fsetup-guide.md` when:\n- First-time D1 setup\n- Creating first database\n- Configuring bindings\n- Applying first migration\n\n### Load `references\u002Fquery-patterns.md` when:\n- Need complete API reference\n- Complex query patterns\n- Batch operations\n- Error handling\n\n### Load `references\u002Fread-replication.md` when:\n- Setting up global reads\n- Need low latency worldwide\n- Understanding Sessions API\n- Sequential consistency required\n\n### Load `references\u002Fbest-practices.md` when:\n- Optimizing query performance\n- Schema design decisions\n- Index strategies\n- Production deployment checklist\n\n### Load `references\u002Flimits.md` when:\n- Encountering 429 errors or quota warnings\n- Planning capacity for free vs paid tiers\n- Understanding database\u002Fquery limits\n- Migrating to paid plan\n\n### Load `references\u002Fmetrics-analytics.md` when:\n- Investigating performance issues\n- Setting up monitoring and alerts\n- Using `wrangler d1 insights` command\n- Analyzing query efficiency\n\n### Load `references\u002F2025-features.md` when:\n- Upgrading from v2.x to v3.x\n- Enabling new features (auto-retry, jurisdiction, replication)\n- Understanding breaking changes (Feb 10, 2025 enforcement)\n- Migrating before deadlines\n\n### Interactive Tools\n\n**Agents** (Autonomous diagnostics):\n- **`agents\u002Fd1-debugger.md`**: 9-phase diagnostic (config, migrations, queries, bindings, errors, limits, performance, Time Travel)\n- **`agents\u002Fd1-query-optimizer.md`**: Performance analysis (slow queries, missing indexes, optimization recommendations)\n\n**Commands** (Interactive wizards):\n- **`commands\u002Fcloudflare-d1:setup.md`**: Interactive first-time setup wizard\n- **`commands\u002Fd1-create-migration.md`**: Guided migration creation with validation\n\n---\n\n## Using Bundled Resources\n\n### References (references\u002F)\n\n- **setup-guide.md** - Complete setup walkthrough\n- **query-patterns.md** - Complete API reference with examples\n- **read-replication.md** - Global read replicas setup\n- **best-practices.md** - Performance and optimization\n\n### Templates (templates\u002F)\n\n- **schema-example.sql** - Complete schema with indexes\n- **d1-worker-queries.ts** - All query patterns in Workers\n- **cloudflare-d1:setup-migration.sh** - Complete setup script\n\n---\n\n## Common Patterns\n\n### Error Handling\n\n```typescript\ntry {\n  const { results } = await env.DB.prepare(\n    'SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = ?'\n  )\n    .bind(email)\n    .all();\n\n  return c.json(results);\n} catch (error) {\n  console.error('D1 Error:', error);\n  return c.json({ error: 'Database error' }, 500);\n}\n```\n\n### Raw Mode (Performance)\n\n```typescript\n\u002F\u002F Returns arrays instead of objects (faster)\nconst { results } = await env.DB.prepare(\n  'SELECT user_id, email FROM users'\n)\n  .raw();\n\n\u002F\u002F results = [[1, 'user1@example.com'], [2, 'user2@example.com']]\n```\n\n### COUNT Queries\n\n```typescript\nconst count = await env.DB.prepare(\n  'SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM users'\n)\n  .first('count');  \u002F\u002F Get single column value\n\nconsole.log('Total users:', count);\n```\n\n---\n\n## SQLite Type Affinity\n\nD1 uses SQLite type affinity:\n\n| Declared Type | Affinity |\n|---------------|----------|\n| INTEGER, INT | INTEGER |\n| TEXT, VARCHAR, CHAR | TEXT |\n| REAL, FLOAT, DOUBLE | REAL |\n| BLOB | BLOB |\n| (no type) | BLOB |\n\n**Best practices:**\n- Use `INTEGER` for numbers\n- Use `TEXT` for strings (not VARCHAR)\n- Use `INTEGER` for timestamps (Date.now())\n- Use `BLOB` for binary data\n\n---\n\n## Top 5 Errors Prevented\n\n1. **SQL Injection**: Use `.bind()`, never string concatenation\n2. **Missing Indexes**: Create indexes for WHERE\u002FJOIN columns\n3. **Migration Failures**: Test locally first\n4. **Type Confusion**: Use INTEGER for timestamps\n5. **Batch Size**: Limit batch to \u003C500 statements\n\n**Load `references\u002Fbest-practices.md` for complete error prevention.**\n\n---\n\n## Official Documentation\n\n- **D1 Overview**: https:\u002F\u002Fdevelopers.cloudflare.com\u002Fd1\u002F\n- **Get Started**: https:\u002F\u002Fdevelopers.cloudflare.com\u002Fd1\u002Fget-started\u002F\n- **Client API**: https:\u002F\u002Fdevelopers.cloudflare.com\u002Fd1\u002Fbuild-with-d1\u002Fd1-client-api\u002F\n- **Read Replication**: https:\u002F\u002Fdevelopers.cloudflare.com\u002Fd1\u002Freference\u002Fread-replication\u002F\n\n---\n\n**Questions? Issues?**\n\n1. Check `references\u002Fsetup-guide.md` for setup\n2. Review `references\u002Fquery-patterns.md` for API reference\n3. See `references\u002Fread-replication.md` for global reads\n4. Load `references\u002Fbest-practices.md` for optimization\n","# Cloudflare D1 Database\n\n**Status**: Production Ready ✅ | **Last Verified**: 2025-01-15\n\n## Table of Contents\n1. [What Is D1?](#what-is-d1)\n2. [Quick Start](#quick-start-5-minutes)\n3. [Critical Rules](#critical-rules)\n4. [D1 API Methods](#d1-api-methods)\n5. [Top 5 Use Cases](#top-5-use-cases)\n6. [Migrations Best Practices](#migrations-best-practices)\n7. [Common Patterns](#common-patterns)\n8. [SQLite Type Affinity](#sqlite-type-affinity)\n9. [Top 5 Errors Prevented](#top-5-errors-prevented)\n\n---\n\n## What Is D1?\n\nCloudflare D1 is **serverless SQLite** on the edge:\n- SQL database without servers\n- Global distribution\n- Zero cold starts\n- Standard SQLite syntax\n- Read replication for global performance\n\n---\n\n## ? New in 2025\n\nD1 received major updates throughout 2025:\n\n### Performance (January 2025)\n- **40-60% latency reduction** globally (P50 query times)\n- Optimized SQLite engine for edge execution\n- Reduced cold start impact for databases \u003C100 MB\n\n### Reliability (September 2025)\n- **Automatic query retries**: Read queries retry up to 2x on transient failures\n- Transparent to application code (logged in `wrangler tail`)\n\n### Scalability (April 2025)\n- **Read Replication (Public Beta)**: Deploy read replicas globally\n- Up to 2x read throughput for read-heavy workloads\n- Sessions API for read-write separation\n\n### Compliance (November 2025)\n- **Data Localization**: Specify EU\u002FUS jurisdiction for GDPR\u002Fdata sovereignty\n- Configure via `--jurisdiction` flag or wrangler.jsonc\n\n### ⚠️ Breaking Change (February 10, 2025)\n- **Free tier hard limits enforced**: 10 DBs, 500 MB each, 50 queries\u002Finvocation\n- Exceeding limits = 429 errors (previously warnings only)\n- **Action**: Review usage with `wrangler d1 list` and upgrade if needed\n\n**Full details**: Load `references\u002F2025-features.md`\n\n---\n\n## Quick Start (5 Minutes)\n\n### 1. Create Database\n\n```bash\nbunx wrangler d1 create my-database\n```\n\nSave the `database_id` from output!\n\n### 2. Configure Binding\n\nAdd to `wrangler.jsonc`:\n\n```jsonc\n{\n  \"name\": \"my-worker\",\n  \"main\": \"src\u002Findex.ts\",\n  \"compatibility_date\": \"2025-10-11\",\n  \"d1_databases\": [\n    {\n      \"binding\": \"DB\",                    \u002F\u002F env.DB\n      \"database_name\": \"my-database\",\n      \"database_id\": \"\u003CUUID>\",\n      \"preview_database_id\": \"local-db\"\n    }\n  ]\n}\n```\n\n### 3. Create Migration\n\n```bash\nbunx wrangler d1 migrations create my-database create_users\n```\n\nEdit `migrations\u002F0001_create_users.sql`:\n\n```sql\nCREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (\n  user_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,\n  email TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE,\n  username TEXT NOT NULL,\n  created_at INTEGER NOT NULL\n);\n\nCREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_users_email ON users(email);\n\nPRAGMA optimize;\n```\n\n### 4. Apply Migration\n\n```bash\n# Local\nbunx wrangler d1 migrations apply my-database --local\n\n# Production\nbunx wrangler d1 migrations apply my-database --remote\n```\n\n### 5. Query from Worker\n\n```typescript\nimport { Hono } from 'hono';\n\ntype Bindings = {\n  DB: D1Database;\n};\n\nconst app = new Hono\u003C{ Bindings: Bindings }>();\n\napp.get('\u002Fusers\u002F:email', async (c) => {\n  const { results } = await c.env.DB.prepare(\n    'SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = ?'\n  )\n    .bind(c.req.param('email'))\n    .all();\n\n  return c.json(results);\n});\n\nexport default app;\n```\n\n**Load `references\u002Fsetup-guide.md` for complete walkthrough.**\n\n---\n\n## Critical Rules\n\n### Always Do ✅\n\n1. **Use prepared statements** with `.bind()` (never string concatenation)\n2. **Create indexes** for WHERE\u002FJOIN\u002FORDER BY columns\n3. **Use migrations** for schema changes (never manual SQL)\n4. **Batch queries** for multiple operations (.batch())\n5. **Run PRAGMA optimize** after schema changes\n6. **Handle errors** explicitly (try\u002Fcatch)\n7. **Use INTEGER for timestamps** (Date.now())\n8. **Test locally** before deploying migrations\n9. **Use read replicas** for global read performance\n10. **Validate input** before SQL queries\n\n### Never Do ❌\n\n1. **Never concatenate** user input into SQL\n2. **Never commit database_id** to public repos\n3. **Never skip migrations** for schema changes\n4. **Never use VARCHAR** (use TEXT instead)\n5. **Never skip indexes** for filtered columns\n6. **Never ignore** SQLite type affinity rules\n7. **Never use SELECT *** without LIMIT\n8. **Never run migrations** without testing locally\n9. **Never exceed** 1MB per row\n10. **Never use DATETIME** (use INTEGER for timestamps)\n\n---\n\n## D1 API Methods\n\n### prepare() - Execute Queries\n\n```typescript\n\u002F\u002F Single result\nconst { results } = await env.DB.prepare(\n  'SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = ?'\n)\n  .bind(email)\n  .all();\n\n\u002F\u002F First result only\nconst user = await env.DB.prepare(\n  'SELECT * FROM users WHERE user_id = ?'\n)\n  .bind(userId)\n  .first();\n\n\u002F\u002F Raw results (faster)\nconst { results } = await env.DB.prepare(\n  'SELECT username FROM users'\n)\n  .raw();  \u002F\u002F Returns arrays instead of objects\n```\n\n### batch() - Multiple Queries\n\n```typescript\nconst results = await env.DB.batch([\n  env.DB.prepare('INSERT INTO users (email, username, created_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?)')\n    .bind('user1@example.com', 'user1', Date.now()),\n  env.DB.prepare('INSERT INTO users (email, username, created_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?)')\n    .bind('user2@example.com', 'user2', Date.now()),\n  env.DB.prepare('SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM users')\n]);\n\nconsole.log('Users count:', results[2].results[0].count);\n```\n\n**All queries execute in single transaction** (all succeed or all fail).\n\n### exec() - Run SQL String\n\n```typescript\n\u002F\u002F For migrations\u002Fsetup only\nawait env.DB.exec(`\n  CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (\n    user_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,\n    email TEXT NOT NULL\n  );\n  CREATE INDEX idx_email ON users(email);\n`);\n```\n\n**NEVER use for queries with user input!**\n\n**Load `references\u002Fquery-patterns.md` for complete API reference.**\n\n---\n\n## Top 5 Use Cases\n\n### Use Case 1: User CRUD\n\n```typescript\n\u002F\u002F Create\napp.post('\u002Fusers', async (c) => {\n  const { email, username } = await c.req.json();\n\n  const { results } = await c.env.DB.prepare(\n    'INSERT INTO users (email, username, created_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?) RETURNING *'\n  )\n    .bind(email, username, Date.now())\n    .all();\n\n  return c.json(results[0]);\n});\n\n\u002F\u002F Read\napp.get('\u002Fusers\u002F:id', async (c) => {\n  const user = await c.env.DB.prepare(\n    'SELECT * FROM users WHERE user_id = ?'\n  )\n    .bind(c.req.param('id'))\n    .first();\n\n  if (!user) {\n    return c.json({ error: 'Not found' }, 404);\n  }\n\n  return c.json(user);\n});\n\n\u002F\u002F Update\napp.patch('\u002Fusers\u002F:id', async (c) => {\n  const { username } = await c.req.json();\n\n  await c.env.DB.prepare(\n    'UPDATE users SET username = ?, updated_at = ? WHERE user_id = ?'\n  )\n    .bind(username, Date.now(), c.req.param('id'))\n    .run();\n\n  return c.json({ success: true });\n});\n\n\u002F\u002F Delete\napp.delete('\u002Fusers\u002F:id', async (c) => {\n  await c.env.DB.prepare(\n    'DELETE FROM users WHERE user_id = ?'\n  )\n    .bind(c.req.param('id'))\n    .run();\n\n  return c.json({ success: true });\n});\n```\n\n### Use Case 2: Batch Operations\n\n```typescript\napp.post('\u002Fusers\u002Fbulk', async (c) => {\n  const users = await c.req.json();  \u002F\u002F Array of users\n\n  const statements = users.map(user =>\n    c.env.DB.prepare(\n      'INSERT INTO users (email, username, created_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?)'\n    ).bind(user.email, user.username, Date.now())\n  );\n\n  const results = await c.env.DB.batch(statements);\n\n  return c.json({ inserted: results.length });\n});\n```\n\n### Use Case 3: Read Replication (Global Reads)\n\n```typescript\n\u002F\u002F Configure read replica (any region)\nconst session = c.env.DB.withSession({\n  preferredRegion: 'auto'  \u002F\u002F or 'weur', 'wnam', 'enam', 'apac'\n});\n\n\u002F\u002F Read from nearest replica\nconst { results } = await session.prepare(\n  'SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = ?'\n)\n  .bind(email)\n  .all();\n\n\u002F\u002F Check which region served request\nconsole.log('Served by:', results[0].served_by_region);\n```\n\n**Load `references\u002Fread-replication.md` for complete guide.**\n\n### Use Case 4: Transactions with Batch\n\n```typescript\n\u002F\u002F Transfer credits between users (atomic)\nconst results = await c.env.DB.batch([\n  c.env.DB.prepare(\n    'UPDATE users SET credits = credits - ? WHERE user_id = ?'\n  ).bind(amount, fromUserId),\n  c.env.DB.prepare(\n    'UPDATE users SET credits = credits + ? WHERE user_id = ?'\n  ).bind(amount, toUserId),\n  c.env.DB.prepare(\n    'INSERT INTO transactions (from_user, to_user, amount, created_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)'\n  ).bind(fromUserId, toUserId, amount, Date.now())\n]);\n\n\u002F\u002F All succeed or all fail (transaction)\n```\n\n### Use Case 5: Pagination\n\n```typescript\napp.get('\u002Fusers', async (c) => {\n  const page = parseInt(c.req.query('page') || '1');\n  const limit = 20;\n  const offset = (page - 1) * limit;\n\n  const { results } = await c.env.DB.prepare(\n    'SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY created_at DESC LIMIT ? OFFSET ?'\n  )\n    .bind(limit, offset)\n    .all();\n\n  return c.json({\n    users: results,\n    page,\n    limit\n  });\n});\n```\n\n---\n\n## Migrations Best Practices\n\n### 1. Always Use Migrations\n\n```bash\nbunx wrangler d1 migrations create my-database add_users_avatar\n```\n\n### 2. Make Migrations Idempotent\n\n```sql\n-- ✅ GOOD: Idempotent\nCREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (...);\nCREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_email ON users(email);\nDROP TABLE IF EXISTS old_table;\n\n-- ❌ BAD: Fails on re-run\nCREATE TABLE users (...);\nCREATE INDEX idx_email ON users(email);\n```\n\n### 3. Test Locally First\n\n```bash\nbunx wrangler d1 migrations apply my-database --local\nbunx wrangler d1 execute my-database --local --command \"SELECT * FROM users\"\n```\n\n### 4. Add PRAGMA optimize\n\n```sql\n-- End of migration\nPRAGMA optimize;\n```\n\n**Load `templates\u002Fschema-example.sql` for complete schema template.**\n\n---\n\n## When to Load References\n\n### Load `references\u002Fsetup-guide.md` when:\n- First-time D1 setup\n- Creating first database\n- Configuring bindings\n- Applying first migration\n\n### Load `references\u002Fquery-patterns.md` when:\n- Need complete API reference\n- Complex query patterns\n- Batch operations\n- Error handling\n\n### Load `references\u002Fread-replication.md` when:\n- Setting up global reads\n- Need low latency worldwide\n- Understanding Sessions API\n- Sequential consistency required\n\n### Load `references\u002Fbest-practices.md` when:\n- Optimizing query performance\n- Schema design decisions\n- Index strategies\n- Production deployment checklist\n\n### Load `references\u002Flimits.md` when:\n- Encountering 429 errors or quota warnings\n- Planning capacity for free vs paid tiers\n- Understanding database\u002Fquery limits\n- Migrating to paid plan\n\n### Load `references\u002Fmetrics-analytics.md` when:\n- Investigating performance issues\n- Setting up monitoring and alerts\n- Using `wrangler d1 insights` command\n- Analyzing query efficiency\n\n### Load `references\u002F2025-features.md` when:\n- Upgrading from v2.x to v3.x\n- Enabling new features (auto-retry, jurisdiction, replication)\n- Understanding breaking changes (Feb 10, 2025 enforcement)\n- Migrating before deadlines\n\n### Interactive Tools\n\n**Agents** (Autonomous diagnostics):\n- **`agents\u002Fd1-debugger.md`**: 9-phase diagnostic (config, migrations, queries, bindings, errors, limits, performance, Time Travel)\n- **`agents\u002Fd1-query-optimizer.md`**: Performance analysis (slow queries, missing indexes, optimization recommendations)\n\n**Commands** (Interactive wizards):\n- **`commands\u002Fcloudflare-d1:setup.md`**: Interactive first-time setup wizard\n- **`commands\u002Fd1-create-migration.md`**: Guided migration creation with validation\n\n---\n\n## Using Bundled Resources\n\n### References (references\u002F)\n\n- **setup-guide.md** - Complete setup walkthrough\n- **query-patterns.md** - Complete API reference with examples\n- **read-replication.md** - Global read replicas setup\n- **best-practices.md** - Performance and optimization\n\n### Templates (templates\u002F)\n\n- **schema-example.sql** - Complete schema with indexes\n- **d1-worker-queries.ts** - All query patterns in Workers\n- **cloudflare-d1:setup-migration.sh** - Complete setup script\n\n---\n\n## Common Patterns\n\n### Error Handling\n\n```typescript\ntry {\n  const { results } = await env.DB.prepare(\n    'SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = ?'\n  )\n    .bind(email)\n    .all();\n\n  return c.json(results);\n} catch (error) {\n  console.error('D1 Error:', error);\n  return c.json({ error: 'Database error' }, 500);\n}\n```\n\n### Raw Mode (Performance)\n\n```typescript\n\u002F\u002F Returns arrays instead of objects (faster)\nconst { results } = await env.DB.prepare(\n  'SELECT user_id, email FROM users'\n)\n  .raw();\n\n\u002F\u002F results = [[1, 'user1@example.com'], [2, 'user2@example.com']]\n```\n\n### COUNT Queries\n\n```typescript\nconst count = await env.DB.prepare(\n  'SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM users'\n)\n  .first('count');  \u002F\u002F Get single column value\n\nconsole.log('Total users:', count);\n```\n\n---\n\n## SQLite Type Affinity\n\nD1 uses SQLite type affinity:\n\n| Declared Type | Affinity |\n|---------------|----------|\n| INTEGER, INT | INTEGER |\n| TEXT, VARCHAR, CHAR | TEXT |\n| REAL, FLOAT, DOUBLE | REAL |\n| BLOB | BLOB |\n| (no type) | BLOB |\n\n**Best practices:**\n- Use `INTEGER` for numbers\n- Use `TEXT` for strings (not VARCHAR)\n- Use `INTEGER` for timestamps (Date.now())\n- Use `BLOB` for binary data\n\n---\n\n## Top 5 Errors Prevented\n\n1. **SQL Injection**: Use `.bind()`, never string concatenation\n2. **Missing Indexes**: Create indexes for WHERE\u002FJOIN columns\n3. **Migration Failures**: Test locally first\n4. **Type Confusion**: Use INTEGER for timestamps\n5. **Batch Size**: Limit batch to \u003C500 statements\n\n**Load `references\u002Fbest-practices.md` for complete error prevention.**\n\n---\n\n## Official Documentation\n\n- **D1 Overview**: https:\u002F\u002Fdevelopers.cloudflare.com\u002Fd1\u002F\n- **Get Started**: https:\u002F\u002Fdevelopers.cloudflare.com\u002Fd1\u002Fget-started\u002F\n- **Client API**: https:\u002F\u002Fdevelopers.cloudflare.com\u002Fd1\u002Fbuild-with-d1\u002Fd1-client-api\u002F\n- **Read Replication**: https:\u002F\u002Fdevelopers.cloudflare.com\u002Fd1\u002Freference\u002Fread-replication\u002F\n\n---\n\n**Questions? 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Triggers on tasks involving 3D scenes, WebGL\u002FWebGPU rendering, geometries, materials, textures, lighting, shaders, or TSL.","https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002FVRIL-LABS\u002Fskill-jam\u002Fblob\u002Fmain\u002Fskills\u002Fweb-frontend\u002Fneversight-skills_feed-three-best-practices-1.0.2\u002FSKILL.md",[142],{"categoryNo":143,"categoryName":144,"taxonomyType":21,"taxonomyTypeDesc":22},"01JBSEEDCAT000000000000023","Skill与智能体开发",[146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,44,158,159,160,161,162,163,164],"best practices","three","three best practices","writing","performance","webgpu","guidelines","tasks","code","shaders","Optimization","3D","agent-skills","scenes","lighting","triggers","rendering","when","best practices guidelines",{"skillNo":166,"name":167,"nameZh":6,"description":168,"descriptionZh":6,"repositoryFullName":8,"ownerLogin":9,"ownerAvatarUrl":10,"ownerAccountNo":11,"ownerDisplayName":12,"repositoryNo":13,"starsCount":14,"licenseSpdxId":15,"licenseFileUrl":6,"sourceHtmlUrl":169,"categories":170,"keywords":171,"publishedAt":49},"01M6R2BPMDYK9XKWPARY0S5MS3","javascript-best-practices","Modern JavaScript best practices and performance optimization guidelines. Use when writing, reviewing, or refactoring JavaScript code to ensure optimal performance, maintainability, and modern patterns.","https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002FVRIL-LABS\u002Fskill-jam\u002Fblob\u002Fmain\u002Fskills\u002Fweb-frontend\u002Fneversight-skills_feed-javascript-best-practices-1.0.2\u002FSKILL.md",[],[172,146,173,149,150,152,154,156,174,175,44,176,177,178,163],"javascript","JavaScript Best Practices","refactoring","performance optimization","patterns","maintainability","name",{"skillNo":180,"name":181,"nameZh":6,"description":182,"descriptionZh":6,"repositoryFullName":8,"ownerLogin":9,"ownerAvatarUrl":10,"ownerAccountNo":11,"ownerDisplayName":12,"repositoryNo":13,"starsCount":14,"licenseSpdxId":15,"licenseFileUrl":6,"sourceHtmlUrl":183,"categories":184,"keywords":188,"publishedAt":49},"01M6R2B41BN09FYH76BAC5FT7X","css-best-practices","Guidelines for building modern, performant, and accessible CSS using MDN best practices. Use this when styling components, fixing layout shifts, or optimizing CSS performance.","https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002FVRIL-LABS\u002Fskill-jam\u002Fblob\u002Fmain\u002Fskills\u002Fweb-frontend\u002Fneversight-skills_feed-css-best-practices-1.0.3\u002FSKILL.md",[185],{"categoryNo":186,"categoryName":187,"taxonomyType":21,"taxonomyTypeDesc":22},"01JBSEEDCAT000000000000009","前端开发",[189,146,190,150,191,152,44,192,193,34,163],"css","css best practices","components","styling","layout",{"skillNo":195,"name":196,"nameZh":6,"description":197,"descriptionZh":6,"repositoryFullName":8,"ownerLogin":9,"ownerAvatarUrl":10,"ownerAccountNo":11,"ownerDisplayName":12,"repositoryNo":13,"starsCount":14,"licenseSpdxId":15,"licenseFileUrl":6,"sourceHtmlUrl":198,"categories":199,"keywords":210,"publishedAt":49},"01M6R2A1CEF123TZCNM1XJ2XQ4","frontend-dev","Full-stack frontend development combining premium UI design, cinematic animations,\nAI-generated media assets, persuasive copywriting, and visual art. Builds complete,\nvisually striking web pages with real media, advanced motion, and compelling copy.\nUse when: building landing pages, marketing sites, product pages, dashboards,\ngenerating media assets (image\u002Fvideo\u002Faudio\u002Fmusic), writing conversion copy,\ncreating generative art, or implementing cinematic scroll animations.","https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002FVRIL-LABS\u002Fskill-jam\u002Fblob\u002Fmain\u002Fskills\u002Fweb-frontend\u002Fminimax-ai-skills-frontend-dev-1.0.1\u002FSKILL.md",[200,201,204,207],{"categoryNo":186,"categoryName":187,"taxonomyType":21,"taxonomyTypeDesc":22},{"categoryNo":202,"categoryName":203,"taxonomyType":21,"taxonomyTypeDesc":22},"01JBSEEDCAT000000000000015","视觉设计",{"categoryNo":205,"categoryName":206,"taxonomyType":21,"taxonomyTypeDesc":22},"01JBSEEDCAT000000000000016","图像与多媒体",{"categoryNo":208,"categoryName":209,"taxonomyType":26,"taxonomyTypeDesc":27},"01JBSEEDCAT000000000000032","设计师",[211,212,213,214,149,215,189,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228],"frontend","dev","frontend dev","design","image","react","ui","Video","Media","Audio","Tailwind","stack","music","aida","framer motion","implementing","framer","generative",{"skillNo":230,"name":231,"nameZh":6,"description":232,"descriptionZh":6,"repositoryFullName":8,"ownerLogin":9,"ownerAvatarUrl":10,"ownerAccountNo":11,"ownerDisplayName":12,"repositoryNo":13,"starsCount":14,"licenseSpdxId":15,"licenseFileUrl":6,"sourceHtmlUrl":233,"categories":234,"keywords":235,"publishedAt":49},"01M6R20VQ98KDX4J37TGE0FNHW","exa-rate-limits","Implement Exa rate limiting, backoff, and idempotency patterns.\nUse when handling rate limit errors, implementing retry logic,\nor optimizing API request throughput for Exa.\nTrigger with phrases like \"exa rate limit\", \"exa throttling\",\n\"exa 429\", \"exa retry\", \"exa backoff\".","https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002FVRIL-LABS\u002Fskill-jam\u002Fblob\u002Fmain\u002Fskills\u002Fsearch-research\u002Fjeremylongshore-claude-code-plugins-plus-skills-exa-rate-limits-1.0.0\u002FSKILL.md",[],[236,237,238,239,240,241,46,242,243,176,244,245,246,247,248,226,34,249,250,163],"exa","exa rate limits","rate","limits","throttling","api","write","edit","io","throughput","retry","errors","limit","rate limit","request",{"skillNo":252,"name":253,"nameZh":6,"description":254,"descriptionZh":6,"repositoryFullName":8,"ownerLogin":9,"ownerAvatarUrl":10,"ownerAccountNo":11,"ownerDisplayName":12,"repositoryNo":13,"starsCount":14,"licenseSpdxId":15,"licenseFileUrl":6,"sourceHtmlUrl":255,"categories":256,"keywords":260,"publishedAt":49},"01M6R20FV0TM7ZZTZNG7JQ1A82","exa-deploy-integration","Deploy Exa integrations to Vercel, Fly.io, and Cloud Run platforms.\nUse when deploying Exa-powered applications to production,\nconfiguring platform-specific secrets, or setting up deployment pipelines.\nTrigger with phrases like \"deploy exa\", \"exa Vercel\",\n\"exa production deploy\", \"exa Cloud Run\", \"exa Fly.io\".","https:\u002F\u002Fgithub.com\u002FVRIL-LABS\u002Fskill-jam\u002Fblob\u002Fmain\u002Fskills\u002Fsearch-research\u002Fjeremylongshore-claude-code-plugins-plus-skills-exa-deploy-integration-1.0.0\u002FSKILL.md",[257],{"categoryNo":258,"categoryName":259,"taxonomyType":21,"taxonomyTypeDesc":22},"01JBSEEDCAT000000000000011","运维与部署",[261,262,236,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,46,242,243,270,271,272,244,273,274,163],"deploy","integration","exa deploy integration","deployment","run","secrets","fly","Bash","integrations","vercel","up","platform","trigger","cloud run"]