wireshark-analysis

Wireshark Network Traffic Analysis

Purpose

Execute comprehensive network traffic analysis using Wireshark to capture, filter, and examine network packets for security investigations, performance optimization, and troubleshooting. This skill enables systematic analysis of network protocols, detection of anomalies, and reconstruction of network conversations from PCAP files.

Inputs / Prerequisites

Required Tools

• Wireshark installed (Windows, macOS, or Linux)
• Network interface with capture permissions
• PCAP/PCAPNG files for offline analysis
• Administrator/root privileges for live capture

Technical Requirements

• Understanding of network protocols (TCP, UDP, HTTP, DNS)
• Familiarity with IP addressing and ports
• Knowledge of OSI model layers
• Understanding of common attack patterns

Use Cases

• Network troubleshooting and connectivity issues
• Security incident investigation
• Malware traffic analysis
• Performance monitoring and optimization
• Protocol learning and education

Outputs / Deliverables

Primary Outputs

• Filtered packet captures for specific traffic
• Reconstructed communication streams
• Traffic statistics and visualizations
• Evidence documentation for incidents

Core Workflow

Phase 1: Capturing Network Traffic

Start Live Capture

Begin capturing packets on network interface:

1. Launch Wireshark
2. Select network interface from main screen
3. Click shark fin icon or double-click interface
4. Capture begins immediately

Capture Controls

Action	Shortcut	Description
Start/Stop Capture	Ctrl+E	Toggle capture on/off
Restart Capture	Ctrl+R	Stop and start new capture
Open PCAP File	Ctrl+O	Load existing capture file
Save Capture	Ctrl+S	Save current capture

Capture Filters

Apply filters before capture to limit data collection:

# Capture only specific host
host 192.168.1.100

# Capture specific port
port 80

# Capture specific network
net 192.168.1.0/24

# Exclude specific traffic
not arp

# Combine filters
host 192.168.1.100 and port 443

Phase 2: Display Filters

Basic Filter Syntax

Filter captured packets for analysis:

# IP address filters
ip.addr == 192.168.1.1              # All traffic to/from IP
ip.src == 192.168.1.1               # Source IP only
ip.dst == 192.168.1.1               # Destination IP only

# Port filters
tcp.port == 80                       # TCP port 80
udp.port == 53                       # UDP port 53
tcp.dstport == 443                   # Destination port 443
tcp.srcport == 22                    # Source port 22

Protocol Filters

Filter by specific protocols:

# Common protocols
http                                  # HTTP traffic
https or ssl or tls                   # Encrypted web traffic
dns                                   # DNS queries and responses
ftp                                   # FTP traffic
ssh                                   # SSH traffic
icmp                                  # Ping/ICMP traffic
arp                                   # ARP requests/responses
dhcp                                  # DHCP traffic
smb or smb2                          # SMB file sharing

TCP Flag Filters

Identify specific connection states:

tcp.flags.syn == 1                   # SYN packets (connection attempts)
tcp.flags.ack == 1                   # ACK packets
tcp.flags.fin == 1                   # FIN packets (connection close)
tcp.flags.reset == 1                 # RST packets (connection reset)
tcp.flags.syn == 1 && tcp.flags.ack == 0  # SYN-only (initial connection)

Content Filters

Search for specific content:

frame contains "password"            # Packets containing string
http.request.uri contains "login"    # HTTP URIs with string
tcp contains "GET"                   # TCP packets with string

Analysis Filters

Identify potential issues:

tcp.analysis.retransmission          # TCP retransmissions
tcp.analysis.duplicate_ack           # Duplicate ACKs
tcp.analysis.zero_window             # Zero window (flow control)
tcp.analysis.flags                   # Packets with issues
dns.flags.rcode != 0                 # DNS errors

Combining Filters

Use logical operators for complex queries:

# AND operator
ip.addr == 192.168.1.1 && tcp.port == 80

# OR operator
dns || http

# NOT operator
!(arp || icmp)

# Complex combinations
(ip.src == 192.168.1.1 || ip.src == 192.168.1.2) && tcp.port == 443

Phase 3: Following Streams

TCP Stream Reconstruction

View complete TCP conversation:

1. Right-click on any TCP packet
2. Select Follow > TCP Stream
3. View reconstructed conversation
4. Toggle between ASCII, Hex, Raw views
5. Filter to show only this stream

Stream Types

Stream	Access	Use Case
TCP Stream	Follow > TCP Stream	Web, file transfers, any TCP
UDP Stream	Follow > UDP Stream	DNS, VoIP, streaming
HTTP Stream	Follow > HTTP Stream	Web content, headers
TLS Stream	Follow > TLS Stream	Encrypted traffic (if keys available)

Stream Analysis Tips

• Review request/response pairs
• Identify transmitted files or data
• Look for credentials in plaintext
• Note unusual patterns or commands

Phase 4: Statistical Analysis

Protocol Hierarchy

View protocol distribution:

Statistics > Protocol Hierarchy

Shows:
- Percentage of each protocol
- Packet counts
- Bytes transferred
- Protocol breakdown tree

Conversations

Analyze communication pairs:

Statistics > Conversations

Tabs:
- Ethernet: MAC address pairs
- IPv4/IPv6: IP address pairs
- TCP: Connection details (ports, bytes, packets)
- UDP: Datagram exchanges

Endpoints

View active network participants:

Statistics > Endpoints

Shows:
- All source/destination addresses
- Packet and byte counts
- Geographic information (if enabled)

Flow Graph

Visualize packet sequence:

Statistics > Flow Graph

Options:
- All packets or displayed only
- Standard or TCP flow
- Shows packet timing and direction

I/O Graphs

Plot traffic over time:

Statistics > I/O Graph

Features:
- Packets per second
- Bytes per second
- Custom filter graphs
- Multiple graph overlays

Phase 5: Security Analysis

Detect Port Scanning

Identify reconnaissance activity:

# SYN scan detection (many ports, same source)
ip.src == SUSPECT_IP && tcp.flags.syn == 1

# Review Statistics > Conversations for anomalies
# Look for single source hitting many destination ports

Identify Suspicious Traffic

Filter for anomalies:

# Traffic to unusual ports
tcp.dstport > 1024 && tcp.dstport < 49152

# Traffic outside trusted network
!(ip.addr == 192.168.1.0/24)

# Unusual DNS queries
dns.qry.name contains "suspicious-domain"

# Large data transfers
frame.len > 1400

ARP Spoofing Detection

Identify ARP attacks:

# Duplicate ARP responses
arp.duplicate-address-frame

# ARP traffic analysis
arp

# Look for:
# - Multiple MACs for same IP
# - Gratuitous ARP floods
# - Unusual ARP patterns

Examine Downloads

Analyze file transfers:

# HTTP file downloads
http.request.method == "GET" && http contains "Content-Disposition"

# Follow HTTP Stream to view file content
# Use File > Export Objects > HTTP to extract files

DNS Analysis

Investigate DNS activity:

# All DNS traffic
dns

# DNS queries only
dns.flags.response == 0

# DNS responses only
dns.flags.response == 1

# Failed DNS lookups
dns.flags.rcode != 0

# Specific domain queries
dns.qry.name contains "domain.com"

Phase 6: Expert Information

Access Expert Analysis

View Wireshark's automated findings:

Analyze > Expert Information

Categories:
- Errors: Critical issues
- Warnings: Potential problems
- Notes: Informational items
- Chats: Normal conversation events

Common Expert Findings

Finding	Meaning	Action
TCP Retransmission	Packet resent	Check for packet loss
Duplicate ACK	Possible loss	Investigate network path
Zero Window	Buffer full	Check receiver performance
RST	Connection reset	Check for blocks/errors
Out-of-Order	Packets reordered	Usually normal, excessive is issue

Quick Reference

Keyboard Shortcuts

Action	Shortcut
Open file	Ctrl+O
Save file	Ctrl+S
Start/Stop capture	Ctrl+E
Find packet	Ctrl+F
Go to packet	Ctrl+G
Next packet	↓
Previous packet	↑
First packet	Ctrl+Home
Last packet	Ctrl+End
Apply filter	Enter
Clear filter	Ctrl+Shift+X

Common Filter Reference

# Web traffic
http || https

# Email
smtp || pop || imap

# File sharing  
smb || smb2 || ftp

# Authentication
ldap || kerberos

# Network management
snmp || icmp

# Encrypted
tls || ssl

Export Options

File > Export Specified Packets    # Save filtered subset
File > Export Objects > HTTP       # Extract HTTP files
File > Export Packet Dissections   # Export as text/CSV

Constraints and Guardrails

Operational Boundaries

• Capture only authorized network traffic
• Handle captured data according to privacy policies
• Avoid capturing sensitive credentials unnecessarily
• Properly secure PCAP files containing sensitive data

Technical Limitations

• Large captures consume significant memory
• Encrypted traffic content not visible without keys
• High-speed networks may drop packets
• Some protocols require plugins for full decoding

Best Practices

• Use capture filters to limit data collection
• Save captures regularly during long sessions
• Use display filters rather than deleting packets
• Document analysis findings and methodology

Examples

Example 1: HTTP Credential Analysis

Scenario: Investigate potential plaintext credential transmission

1. Filter: http.request.method == "POST"
2. Look for login forms
3. Follow HTTP Stream
4. Search for username/password parameters

Finding: Credentials transmitted in cleartext form data.

Example 2: Malware C2 Detection

Scenario: Identify command and control traffic

1. Filter: dns
2. Look for unusual query patterns
3. Check for high-frequency beaconing
4. Identify domains with random-looking names
5. Filter: ip.dst == SUSPICIOUS_IP
6. Analyze traffic patterns

Indicators:

• Regular timing intervals
• Encoded/encrypted payloads
• Unusual ports or protocols

Example 3: Network Troubleshooting

Scenario: Diagnose slow web application

1. Filter: ip.addr == WEB_SERVER
2. Check Statistics > Service Response Time
3. Filter: tcp.analysis.retransmission
4. Review I/O Graph for patterns
5. Check for high latency or packet loss

Finding: TCP retransmissions indicating network congestion.

Troubleshooting

No Packets Captured

• Verify correct interface selected
• Check for admin/root permissions
• Confirm network adapter is active
• Disable promiscuous mode if issues persist

Filter Not Working

• Verify filter syntax (red = error)
• Check for typos in field names
• Use Expression button for valid fields
• Clear filter and rebuild incrementally

Performance Issues

• Use capture filters to limit traffic
• Split large captures into smaller files
• Disable name resolution during capture
• Close unnecessary protocol dissectors

Cannot Decrypt TLS/SSL

• Obtain server private key
• Configure at Edit > Preferences > Protocols > TLS
• For ephemeral keys, capture pre-master secret from browser
• Some modern ciphers cannot be decrypted passively